Fig. 3. Effects of C-DM3 extract on the AMPK/IRS-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in liver tissues of diabetic mice. (A) Phosphorylation of AMPK, IRS, and AKT and the expression of PI3K and GLUT4 were determined in pancreas tissues using western blotting. (B–F) Each band is presented as a representative figure, and a histogram has been constructed using the band density value of at least three independent experiments. Actin was used as the internal control. The data are expressed as the mean±SD (n=5 per a group). (G) Liver tissues of the mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and observed using a microscope (×400). Arrows show lipid droplets in liver tissues. C-DM3: clean-diabetes mellirus 3, AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase, IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1, PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AKT: protein kinase B, GLUT4: glucose transporter Type 4, Nor: normal, HFD: high fat diet, SD: standard deviation. *P<0.05 vs. normal (a) or control group (b).
