Summary of Animal Experiment
| Author | Year | Subject | Acupoints | Dose & concentration | Injection | Metrics | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choi9) | 2022 | C57BL/6J mice | Inguinal fat pad | 100 μL2 mg/ml | - Inguinal fat weight - Size of adipocyte - KEGG 2021 pathway - AMPK signaling pathway - CGI-58, perilipin. - ATGL, HSL, MGL, - SREBP-1c, p-ACC, FAS, PPAR-γ - AST, ALT, tissue of liver, kidney and spleen |
- Fat weight and size of adipocyte decreased - Level of HSL, MGL, ATGL increased - Level of FAS, p-ACC decreased - No toxicities in the serum levels of AST, ALT |
|
| Lee et al10) | 2021 | C57BL/6J mice | Inguinal fat pad | 100 μL 13.35 mg/ml, 26.7 mg/ml, 53.5 mg/ml | LIPOSA Pharmacopuncture | - Inguinal fat weight - Size of adipocyte - LC3-Ⅱ, ATG5, ATG7, ATGL, HSL - ACC, PEPCK, PPAR-γ - AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine - Tissue of liver, kidney and spleen |
- Fat weight and size of adipocyte decreased - Level of HSL, ATG5, ATG7, ATGL increased - Level of ACC, PEPCK decreased - No toxicities in the serum levels of AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine |
| Kim et al11) | 2021 | C57BL/6J mice | Inguinal fat pad | 100 μL 10 mg/ml |
Pharmacopuncture |
- Body weight - Inguinal fat weight - Size of adipocyte |
- Fat weight and size of adipocyte decreased, but no difference in body weight |
| Lee12) | 2020 | C57BL/6J mice | Inguinal fat pad | 100 μL 10 mg/ml |
- Inguinal fat weight - Size of adipocyte - HSL, LC3-Ⅱ, ATGL, HSL, ATG5, ATG7 - AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine |
- Fat weight and size of adipocyte decreased - Level of LC3-Ⅱ, ATG5, ATG7, ATGL increased - No toxicities in the serum levels of AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine |
|
| kim et al13) | 2016 | C57/6J mice |
Subcutaneous fat of lower abdomen | 0.2 cc 5 mg/ml |
- Food intake - Body weight - Serum lipid - OGTT - Epididymal fat pad weight - HSL, ATGL, MGL, Perilipin, PPAR-γ |
- Body weight and subcutaneous fat of lower abdomen weigh decreased - Level of perilipin decreased - Level of HSL increased - Alleviation of insulin resistance |
|
| Seol14) | 2016 | C57/6J mice |
Subcutaneous fat of lower abdomen | 0.2 cc 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml |
- Body weight - Subcutaneous fat - Serum lipid - Viceral fat - HSL, ATGL, perilipin, MGL, PPAR-γ - ALT - TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, CXCL3 |
- Body weight and subcutaneous fat decreased - Level of ALT, TC, LDL, perilipin, TNF-α decreased |
|
| Cheong15) | 2016 | SD mice | Zhongwan (CV12) | 40 μL 0.4352 mg/kg, 2.176 mg/kg |
- Body weight - Food intake & efficiency - Serum lipid - Leptin - AST, ALT, Cu-Zn SOD, perilipin, TNF-α |
- Body weight decreased - Level of Cu-Zn SOD increased - Level of leptin, triglyceride, AST decreased |
|
| Koo16) | 2016 | SKH-1 no hair mice |
Feishu (BL13) | 0.1 ml 5 g/50 ml |
- - |
- Body weight - Viceral fat - Size of adipocyte - Serum lipid - GLP-1, leptin, adiponectin |
- Body weight and viceral fat, size of adipocyte TC, triglyceride, LDL, decreased - Level of HDL, adiponectin increased |
| Pontes et al17) | 2015 | Wistar mice | Cheun-chu (ST25), Zusanli (ST36) | 0.01 mg/0.05 ml 0.025 mg/kg |
- Body weight - Viceral fat - Alimentary behavior - Serum lipid - Glucose level |
- Body weight, viceralfat, TC, triglyceride and glucose level decreased | |
| Kim18) | 2013 | SD mice | Abdominal and subcutaneous | 50 mg/kg | - Body weight - Food intake - Fat weight of abodominal, subcutaneous, adrenal, epididymis - Serum lipid - AST, ALT - Size of adipocyte - Adiponectin, leptin |
- Body weight, size of adipocyte and fat weight decreased - TC, LDL-C and triglyceride decreased |
|
| Kim19) | 2013 | C57/6J mice |
Pishu (BL20) | 0.1 ml PZP: 1 L filtered by 0.45 μm, 0.2 μm, 0.1 μm E-PA and WGP: provided by Korean pharmacopuncture institute |
- - - |
- Body weight - Expression of hormone secreting cells in stomach, pancreas and brain - Adiponectin, insulin - Serum lipid - AST, ALT - Ghrelin, obestatin, GLP-1, NPY, orexin, gastrin |
- Level of leptin, insulin decreased (E-PA,WGP) - Level of visceral fat, leptin, insulin, glucose decreased and adiponectin increased (PZP) |
| Roh et al20) | 2013 | SD mice | Abdominal and subcutaneous | 50 mg/kg | - Body weight - Food intake - Fat weight of abodominal subcutaneous, adrenal - Size of adipocyte - Serum lipid - Adiponectin, leptin, AST, ALT |
- Body weight and fat weight decreased - Level of TC, triglycerid, LDL-C decreased - Level of HDL-C, adiponectin increased |
|
| Kim et al21) | 2012 | C57/6J mice |
Pishu (BL20) | 0.2 ml WGC filtered by 0.20 μm filter |
WGC pharmacopuncture | - Body weight - Serum lipid - AST, ALT, γ-GTP, BUN - Insulin leptin |
- Level of TC, LDL-C, triglyceride, insulin, leptin decreased - Level of AST, ALT, γ-GTP, BUN decreased |
| Kim et al22) | 2012 | SD mice | Abdominal | 1 ml WGC filtered by 0.20 μm filter |
WGC pharmacopuncture | - Solution of WGC in urine and blood | Solution of wild ginseng pharmacopuncture was not accumulated in the serum but excreted as urine |
| Ryu23) | 2012 | SD mice | Pishu (BL20) | 0.008 mg/ml/g 0.042 mg/ml/g |
- Body weight - Serum lipid - AST, ALT, γ-GTP |
- Body weight decreased - γ-GTP decreased |
AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase, CGI-58: comparative gene identification-58, ATGL: adipose triglyceride lipase, HSL: hormon sensitive lipase, MGL: monoglyceride lipase, SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, p-ACC: phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, FAS: fatty acid synthase, PPAR-γ: proliferator-activated receptor gamma, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, LC3-Ⅱ: light chain 3-Ⅱ, ATG: autophagy related, PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ: interferon gamma, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CXCL3: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3, TC: total cholesterol, LDL: low density lipoprotein, SD mice: Sprague Dawley mice, Cu-Zn SOD: Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1, HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL-C: LDL-cholesterol, HDL-C: HDL-cholesterol, WGC: wild ginseng complex, γ-GTP: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
