Fig. 5. Effect of GHH on messenger RNA expression of genes related to glucose transport (Slc2a4), glucose oxidation (Gk), fatty acid oxidation (Cpt1a), mitochondrial biogenesis (Nrf1, Tfam, Ppargc1a) in C2C12 myotubes by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Data for bar graph are represented as mean±standard deviation using one way analysis of variance test and Dunnet’spost hoc test. Each point in the bar graph indicates the value treated under the same conditions within the group. All experiments were repeated twice. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 compared with the NC. ‘ns’ denotes no significant change. NC: normal control, Met: metformin treatment, GHH: Galgunhwanggumhwangryun-tang treatment, Gk: glucokinase, Cpt1a: carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA, Nrf1: nuclear respiratory factors 1, Tfam: mitochondrial transcription factor A, Ppargc1a: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α.
